Workshop:

Many decades of political instability, of state fragility and bad management and numerous conflicts have lead Central Africa Republic (RCA) to a state of general violence and poverty. This survey is giving a more precise analysis of the wide range of political violence in Central Africa republic and its consequences and also a view of what citizens think to be the best means to restablish peace. In fact peace defined as the absence of violence and fear is the population principal priority, followed by concerns about survival means (work) and money. The absence of security is even underslined in citizens daily activities and the majority in the population is expressing a feeling of fear and still very pessimistic about peace restoration possibility.

Major programmes targeting Millenium goals for development are economical goals oriented. Political dimensions in general and peace and security ones in particular are mostly ignored. Hovewer experience has been proven that in most of poor countries it is difficult to reach Millenium goals without taking into account security and governance challenges. Given that security and development have closed linkage, the Millenium Declaration has an entire section devoted to peace, security and disarmament issues. While they are stating their determination to eradicate poverty and fight for development, heads of state and government are engaging themselves to deliver our populations from war plague, whether they are civil ones or wars between states.

With the end of the cold war, one should hope that the world will be engaged in a peace and human solidarity way. It is today indeed true that this hope is still so far to realize. Africa more than any other country is sick of violence and war. Political violence certainly that involves civil wars and frontiers conflicts; but also economic violence involving many diverses types of collective wealth hardly accumulated predation; social violence also with growing impoverishment of people and most brutal types of exclusion; finally cultural violence with quasi pernicious acculturation forms, added to the scientific and technological gap.

these multiple types of violence are consistent threats against peace in Africa because of violence leading to war or creating conducive conditions for it. To the continent and to all people in the earth is being proposed the edcation for peace idea; meaning the acquisition through learning of a whole package of behaviors corresponding to the other acceptation and respect in his difference and freedom. Refusal to admit the other and withdrawal that reinforce it, power willingness over the other are in the deepest side of war and violence culture. Are the increasing number of conflicts and numerous violence forms and their persistence signs of insuffisant education for peace among populations?

According to Archibald MacLeish, one of the founding fathers behind the Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “peace is a process and a condition, not a static objective periodically achieved and lost. It is a condition of mutual confidence, [and] harmony of purpose”, which promotes the “coordination of activities” allowing free men and women to live a decent life in which war is categorically rejected through the dynamic and deliberate creation of a social and human order among the peoples of the world “in which the incentives to war are neutralized by the human and spiritual advances created and achieved”.

For a society which has experienced the trauma of war the restoration of peace is critical, in particular for the social, political and economic reconstruction of the country. Peace-building should thus include all efforts intended to identify and sustain structures which can consolidate security and stability Peace-building should thus include all efforts intended to identify and sustain structures which can consolidate security and stability and promote a new spirit of confidence on the part of individuals and communities. Such efforts must in particular include the strengthening of government institutions and assistance for formal and informal processes of political participation. Other tasks including, rebuilding civil society, reintegrating displaced persons in normal economic activity and redefining the role of the armed forces and police in maintaining law and order are necessary for peace preservation.

Enthusiasm generated recently by the idea of entrusting african countries and organizations in peace and security promotion in the continent is very a reckless behavior. Bouthros-Ghali when he was secretary general was right to say that the UN cannot take care of all conflicts and conflicts threats. But there is a difference between that and the fact that Security Council is no more trying to problem solve with numerous potential or real conflicts that are threatening the world. It is concerning to see them discussing about sharing the burden about the Africa continent where peacekeeping soldiers are the most needed and indigenous forces are experiencing a lot of obstacles. Secretary general Koffi Annan did remind us that the UN do not have all means and required abilities to problem solve many conflicts that are happening in Africa. But one could say the same for new african « partners » for the UN. African organizations are experiencing the same types of difficulties as the UN peacekeeping forces, but they also experience other types of hurdles. Efforts done by african and western countries to strengthen peacekeeping capabilities in Africa are a basis.

Small arms prolifération is a dangerous threat for security with implications for the socioeconomic development, human security and states stability. In Africa, illegal utilization and circulation of small arms did make more violent ethnic and political conflicts. Therefore fighting against small arms proliferation should be conducted in many fronts. It requires a wide range of strategies, initiatives and actors, an intersectoral collaboration and interstate that transcend states, organizations and interest groups.However civil society role in the fight against small weapons is unanimously reconigzed today. In societies plagued by armed conflicts, it is in fact important to find beyond initiatives engaged by the State, approaches and alternative methods of conflict resolution and peace consolidation. West african civil society has been proven to play a complementary role in states efforts. But local communities and civil societies organizations action cannot be effective without having a strong and firm financial and human support from west african governments and international community.

Postocolonial state in Africa failure is not only reflecting african politicians lacking of capabilities to govern their states on modern democracy principles as many people stated it. It is more a historical failure to update political economic and administrative structures inherited from colonialism by adapting them to model of participation and tolerance that assess cultures differences.

Therefore we are facing an impossible cohabitation and an unsuccessful greffe between civic and ethnic values and then a lack of political harmony and cohesion. The binomial indigenous-immigrants seems to radicalise these types of oppositions.

Basically, the article is relating the struggle to reconciliate ethnic and civic identities. Do The Banyarwanda in the Kivu area protests have any historical and authentical basis or are they only some type of ideological use and abuse needed to legetimate Batutsi hegemonic ambition during the post genocide era? This is the type question laid by this paper.

The 11 countries members of the Economic Community of Central Africa (CEEAC)did all experience political turbulences, some more than the other.

Being in the same environment and contact between each of them vulnerable to situation experienced in neighbouring countries. In fact all these different conflicts have the same origins and can only be solved by political will. It can summarized as following:

• bad governance illustrated by power sharing and management in these countries;

• Democratic process blocked or manipulated

• Power inability and refusal to manage cultural diversity in an integrative and inclusive perspective;

• volontary marginalization and exclusion of groups to ensure the so « called » power security

• governance failure regarding natural resources redistribution in particular

• bad justice redistribution

• lacking natural and environmental resources sustainable management programs

Solutions to the causes should allow to reverse negative consequences such as :

• Unsafety in peace consolidation process;

• Hate and vigilante culture implementation

• Political instability

• poverty aggravated

• Terms of exchange degradation

• brain drain and workforce loss

Despite a decade of efforts by the Economic Community of Central Africa states to realize peace and security architecture, political and security cooperation in Central Africa is searching for a fresh boost. Designated by the African Union (AU) to translate into acts in the sub-region the continental peace and security project, the CEEAC has overcome the simply peace and security treaty and protocols signature stage. But the CEEAC is still struggling to organize and apply a genuine regional peace and security policy. In order to avoid a stranded project, Central Africa states should get more involved in the CEEAC, reform it and set more clear and precise security priorities. In the opposite side foreign partners should coordinate their support according to the needs,capacity to draw funding and CEEAC objectives.

An anthropological approach of conflict management and resolution in traditional Africa is presented using cases of study in Togo.