Workshop:

The contribution is explaining the history of the concept of governance by referring to new researches which are proving that institutions do play a critical role in society through determining fundamental structure of exchanges, whether they are political, social or economic. The institutions are one of the main factors of sustainable economic growth and the word institution is designating « formal and unformal rules that are regulating human interactions » and also as « rules of the game » that are shaping human behaviour in society. According to Pierre Calame, for a state « the first goal of governance is to teach to live together and manage peacefully the common household; to ensure inside it conditions of survival, peace, fulfillment and good balance maintaining between biosphere and humanity ».

The authors(Pr Mebtoul and Pr Tayebi) in their contribution are questioning the concept of good governance according to the arab society anthropological standards. This lead the authors to do sort of archeological analysis of the governance in the muslim-arab civilization. Is is a universal concept or has it to be interpretated using cultural prism? In the second part of the contribution the scholars did focus on the algerian case and analyze the stakes of governance that the country is facing due to gloablization.

The document is summarizing the minutes of a meeting organized by the EU ambassador in Algeria with many EU representatives in the Sahel region attendance, journalists also scholars such as the Pr A.MEBTOUL were also invited at this meeting. Pr MEBTOUL, great Algerian scholar, specialized in Geostrategy did write the paper to emphasize on Algeria strategic role in Sahel region crisis prevention and resolution.

Togo did experience turmoil from 1990 to 2005.During these fifteen years(15), the country was confronting to political and social turmoils that impacted in a sustainable and negative manner the economic sector. At time of relaunching the economy, it is the duty of all of us to work on confirming the economy reboosting. In this context liberal professions should not be ignored.

What is characterizing liberal professions in their independance and freedom, two fundamental values they share with the business world which prosperity is depending on these orders and their efficient functioning.

The Program for the 10 Medium Cities Development(PDVM) is creating since 1992, with the financial and technical contribution of Swiss Cooperation, mercantile buildings with « homegrown » materials in three medium cities, Ouahigouya, Koudougou and Fada N’Gourma. In the context of these works, many craftmen did have the opportunity to benefit from especial training. In the meantime, private service providers did obtain expertise in training builders, follow-up and control over construction sites who are utilizing local materials. Actors involved in this process, especially Swiss Cooperation Bureau(BUCO) and Ouahigoua, Fada and Koudougou Public Communal Offices of Development(EPCD)are willing to benefit from this experience obtained by both craftsmen and technicians at the local level, beyond achieving mercantile infrastructures building. In order to reinvest the capital of experiences and competencies, a reflection and prospective analysis process has been initiated. The process objective is to analyze how relevant and feasible is the project for diffusing and utilizing adequate materials in building housing for populations. This report is the result of this process. Realized after a survey done in the building technics and materials sector at the national level, the document is summarizing relevant results. It is dedicated to public and private, national and foreign decision makers interested with this issue.

Initiative Council International(ICI) : Ouagadougou, December 2005

Finances and Development is a quaterly review edited by the IFM. In this december 2011 issue, it is explored examples indicating african potential of growth. These examples are starting in the cover with Susan Oguya and Jamila Abass, cofounders of kenyan society AkiraChix, which is a stakeholder of a center for investors and IT enterprises and who create an application for cellphones dedicated to farmers. In the main article, Calestous Juma, professor at Harvard, is observing that middle class rising is changing the vision of Africa future. Middle class has in fact few to spend when compared to asian or western standards, but » because of giving priority to poverty eradication, african authorities and international donors did not search seriously the ways to promote well being: infrastructure development, technical training, entrepreneurship and trade » observe Juma. In « Economist words », we are protraying Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, who as the head of of Nigeria economy is changing the rules. Africa should find shortcuts to catch up with wasted time regarding world competitivity said Mrs Okonjo-Iweala. There is a lot to do, especially to improve infrastructures and avoid electricity shortage and famines. Other articles are examining perspectives in the euro zone, emerging countries, raw materials and explaining econometry.

It is at the begining of the 70s that economists did create the concept of informal economy for third world countries. However, epistemological debate started fading in the early 90s. The result was an increasing gap between empirical studies and theoretical foundation. Today, diversity and heterogeneity that characterize the meaning of this informal economy notion are so obvious that this semantic category cannot be treated anymore like a concept. But in both Third World megalopoles and rural areas, income generating expriences are implemented by people with a solidarity spirit without being declared to authotities. A new concept of popular and solidarity economy is being framed. Can this concept be applied in Northern countries context?

Author: Odile Castel, CREM, Economics Sciences Faculty; Rennes University

Field survey on professional training funding is realized after the survey done on impact and training funds funding realized in 2005 for the Foreign Affairs cabinet. It is reporting on the existing gaps analysis in surveyed countries(South Africa, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Tunisia) between funds statutory conception and effective functioning. It is also relating this analysis to the funds classification and parameters of success and efficiency identified during the first survey. Recommendations are done based on modeling work regarding optimizing funding and they do develop in some type of conclusive reflections, most urgent axes of transformation, or at least the very structuring ones that appear to us as the ones that need to be implemented by surveyed funds. They are focused on five oriented actions.

Authors: Richard Walther and André Gauron, February 2006